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Prey 4
others
                       Prayer
is the act of attempting to communicate, commonly with a sequence of words,
with a deity or spirit for the purpose of worshipping, requesting guidance, requesting assistance, confessing sins, as an act
of reparation or to express one's thoughts and emotions. The words of the prayer may take the form of intercession, a hymn, incantation or a spontaneous utterance in the person's
praying words. Secularly, the term can also be used as an alternative to
&quot;hope&quot;.


Bible


                            The Bible is the
collection of religious writings of Judaism and of Christianity.[1] The books that are considered to be part of the Biblical
canon vary depending upon the historic tradition using or defining it. These
variations are a reflection of the range of traditions and councils that have convened on the subject.
The Christian version of the Bible includes the 39 books
of the Old
Testament, but includes additional books in a second part: the
27 books of the New
Testament. The books in the New Testament were originally
written in Greek.[2] Some versions of the Christian Bible have a
separate Apocrypha section for the books not considered
canonical by Christians or simply the publisher. The Jewish version of the Bible, often called the Old
Testament and sometimes the Tanakh, is divided into three parts: the Teaching, the
Prophets, and the Writings. The Old Testament was primarily written in Hebrew
with significant portions written in Chaldean.


BibleTranslations
Antiquity
                        Some of the first translations of the Jewish Torah
began during the first exile in Babylonia, when Aramaic became the lingua franca of the Jews. With
most people speaking only Aramaic and not understanding Hebrew, the Targums were created to allow the common person to
understand the Torah as it was read in ancient synagogues. The most well-known
movement to translate books of the Bible appeared in the 3rd
century BC. Most of the Tanakh then existed in Hebrew, but many had gathered in Egypt, where Alexander the Great had founded the city that bears his name. At one time a third of the
population of the city was Jewish. However, no major Greek translation was sought
(as most Jews continued to speak Aramaic to each other) until Ptolemy II Philadelphus hired a large group of Jews
(between 15 and 72 according to different sources) who had a fluent capability
in both Koine
Greek and Hebrew. These people produced the translation now
known as the Septuagint.
Origen's Hexapla placed side by side six versions of the
Old Testament, including the 2nd century Greek translations of Aquila
of Sinope and Symmachus the Ebionite. The canonical Christian Bible was formally established by Bishop
Cyril of Jerusalem in 350 (although it had been
generally accepted by the church previously), confirmed by the Council of Laodicea in 363 (both lacked the book of
Revelation), and later established by Athanasius of Alexandria in 367 (with Revelation added), and Jerome's Vulgate Latin translation dates to between AD 382
and 420. Latin translations predating Jerome are collectively known as
Vetus
Latina texts. Jerome began by revising the earlier Latin
translations, but ended by going back to the original Greek, bypassing all
translations, and going back to the original Hebrew wherever he could instead
of the Septuagint. The New Testament was translated into Gothic in the 4th century by Ulfilas. In the 5th century, Saint
Mesrob translated the bible into Armenian. Also dating from the same period are the
Syriac,
Coptic, Ethiopic and Georgian translations.

[edit]
Middle Ages
During the Middle
Ages translation, particularly of the Old Testament was
discouraged. Nevertheless, there are some fragmentary Old English Bible translations, notably a lost
translation of the Gospel
of John into Old English by the Venerable Bede, which he is said to have prepared shortly before
his death around the year 735.
An Old
High German version of the gospel of Matthew dates to 748. Charlemagne in ca. 800 charged Alcuin with a revision of the Latin Vulgate. The
translation into Old
Church Slavonic dates to the late 9th century.
Alfred
the Great had a number of passages of the Bible circulated in
the vernacular in around 900.
These included passages from the Ten
Commandments and the Pentateuch, which he prefixed to a code of laws he
promulgated around this time. In approximately 990,
a full and freestanding version of the four Gospels in idiomatic Old English
appeared, in the West
Saxon dialect; these are called the 
Wessex Gospels.
Pope
Innocent III in 1199 banned unauthorized versions of the Bible
as a reaction to the Cathar and Waldensian heresies. The synods of Toulouse and
Tarragona (1234) outlawed possession of such renderings. There is evidence of
some vernacular translations being permitted while others were being
scrutinized.
The most notable Middle English Bible translation, Wyclif's Bible (1383), based on the Vulgate, was
banned by the Oxford Synod in 1408. A Hungarian Hussite Bible appeared in the mid 15th century, and in
1478, a Catalan translation in the dialect of 
Valencia.

[edit]
Reformation and Early Modern period
In 1521, Martin Luther was placed under the Ban of the Empire, and he
retired to the Wartburg Castle. During his time there, he translated the New
Testament from Greek into German. It was printed in September 1522.
Tyndale's Bible (1526) was met with heavy sanctions
given the widespread belief that Tyndale changed the Bible as he
attempted to translate it. William
Tyndale was first jailed in 1535 for translating the Old
Testament without permission, and a year later was strangled and burnt at the
stake. There was the 1530 translation of 
Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples. The Froschauer Bible of 1531 and the Luther Bible of 1534 (both appearing in portions
throughout the 1520s) were an important part of the Reformation. In 1584 both Old and New Testaments were translated to
Slovene by Protestant writer and theologian Jurij
Dalmatin. The Slovenes thus became the 12th nation in the world with
a complete Bible in their language.
The missionary activity of the Jesuit order led to a large number of 17th century translation into languages of the
New
World.
See also: 
Early Modern English Bible translations

[edit]
Modern translation efforts

See also: International Bible Society, Bible
Society, and Wycliffe Bible Translators

The Bible continues to be the most translated book in the world. The
following numbers are approximations. As of
2005, at least one book of the Bible has been translated into
2,400 of the 6,900 languages listed by SIL,[2]
including 680 languages in Africa, followed by 590 in Asia, 420 in Oceania, 420
in Latin America and the Caribbean, 210 in Europe, and 75 in North America. The
United Bible Societies are presently assisting in over 600 Bible translation
projects. The Bible is available in whole or in part to some 98 percent of the
world's population in a language in which they are fluent.
The United Bible Society announced, that as of 31 December 2007[3] The Bible, with Duetercanonical material was
available in 123 languages. The Tanakh and New Testament were available in 438
languages. The New Testament was available in 1168 languages, and portions of
the Bible were available in 848 languages, for a total of 2,454 languages.
In 1999, Wycliffe Bible Translators announced Vision 2025. This
project aims to see Bible translation begun by 2025 in every remaining language
community that needs it. They currently estimate that 2,251 languages,
representing 193 million people, need a Bible translation.[4]

[edit]
Modern approaches


Main article: Bible version debate


A variety of linguistic, philological and ideological approaches to
translation have been used, including:

Dynamic equivalence translation
Formal equivalence translation (similar to literal translation)
Idiomatic, or Paraphrastic translation, as used by the late Kenneth
Livingston

A great deal of debate occurs over which approach most accurately
communicates the message of the biblical languages source texts into target
languages. Despite these debates, however, many who study the Bible
intellectually or devotionally find that selecting more than one translation
approach is useful in interpreting and applying what they read. For example, a
very literal translation may be useful for individual word or topical study,
while a paraphrase may be employed for grasping initial meaning of a
passage.
In addition to linguistic concerns, theological issues also drive Bible
translations.


Bible Quize
            


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